ISSN 1311-1477 (print); ISSN 1313-3543 (online)
VOLUME 14, NUMBER 4, DECEMBER 2011
CONTENTS
Published by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia
University,
6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
Volume 14, Number 4, December 2011, Summaries
Goranov, N. V., 2011. Experimental osteoarthritis models in veterinary medicine – relevance, potential and challenges. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 14, No 4, 191-200.
The aim of the present review is to summarise, classify and outline the benefits and disadvantages of the models for reproducing osteoarthritis, most commonly used in experimental veterinary orthopaedics (spontaneous, chemical and physical). The potential for application of a given experimental model is related to its specific research target – evaluation of pain, role of inflammation, sex, age, motility and overweight, as well as provision of a solid background for testing of modern pharmacological and physical means of disease control. With this regard, the experimental reproduction of osteoarthritis does not focus on model unification, but is a scientific and practical field developing towards broadening and revealing new heuristic and clinical diagnostic horizons related to improving the quality of life in both human and animal patients with osteoarthritis.
Key words: experimental model, osteoarthritis, review
Mohammadpour, A. A., 2011. Morphological and histochemical study of guinea pig duodenal submucosal glands. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 14, No 4, 201-208.
The duodenum is largely responsible for the breakdown of food in the small intestine, using enzymes. Duodenal submucosal glands, which in general produce a mucous secretion, exist in all mammalian species. These glands are located in the submucosa of the proximal duodenum. The study aimed to demonstrate the morphological and histochemical properties of duodenum and duodenal submucosal glands in the small intestine of the guinea pig. The duodenum of 10 adult healthy animals constituted the material of the study. After dissecting them, three parts of duodenum (cranial, descending and ascending parts) were determined. For histological studies, after tissue preparation, duodenal tissue layers and duodenal submucosal glands in tunica submucosa were measured using the micrometre method. All parameters between the three parts of duodenum were analysed and compared using the ANOVA test. We concluded that duodenal wall thickness was variable in the three parts. It decreased from the cranial (1306.81±132.80 μm) to the ascending part (1026.92±80.01 μm) and in the cranial part was very distinctive. Duodenal or Brunner’s glands were composed of only mucous acini densely packed within the submucosa. The glands were well developed in the cranial part of duodenum. There was a significant difference in the thickness of duodenal submucosal glands in all parts of the duodenum that decreased from the cranial to the ascending part (P<0.001) from 147.52±22.80 μm to 38.25±12.30 μm respectively. Histochemical examination revealed that the mucous glands reacted positively with alcian blue pH 2.5 and Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) stains.
Key words: duodenal submucosal glands, duodenum, guinea pig, histochemistry
Siddique, A. B., F. M. A. Hossain & M. A. Zinnah, 2011. Determination of host specificity of pigeon pox and fowl pox viruses isolated from a field outbreak. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 14, No 4, 209-214.
The aim of the study was to find out the host specificity of
pigeon pox virus-1 (PPV-1) and fowl pox virus-2 (FPV-2) following cross
infection with field strains from Bangladesh. The cross infection was
investigated in five groups (n=5) of pigeons and seven groups of chickens (n=5)
four weeks of age. Irrespective of route of inoculation each bird received
either 0.1 mL of PPV-1 or FPV-2 having a virus concentration of 106.2
EID50 and 106.25 EID50 per 0.1 mL
chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) suspension, respectively. A group of uninfected
control birds were maintained in both cases. All pigeons infected either orally
or intravenously did not respond to infection with FPV-2 and did not manifest
any pox lesion. Experimentally infected chickens with PPV-1 by oral, intravenous
(i.v.) or wing-web puncture (WWP) routes did not show any pox lesions except for
a “take reaction” at the inoculation site. On the other hand, dispersed pox
lesions were noticed in chickens exposed to FPV-2 by all three routes. The
severity of infection in experimental birds was manifested with a descending
magnitude after i.v., oral and WWP inoculation. It could be concluded that the
field isolates of PPV-1 and
FPV-2 manifested considerable host specificity to pigeons and chickens,
respectively.
Asadpour, R., N. Salehi & R. Jafari, 2011. PCR detection of trichomonad species in the semen of bulls. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 14, No 4, 215-220.
Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease of cattle caused by Tritrichomonas foetus. Other species of trichomonads have been recently isolated from the prepuce of virgin bulls. It is not clear whether these non-T. foetus isolates are also present on the prepuce of breeding bulls. The traditional diagnostic test for T. foetus involves collection of preputial or vaginal samples followed by culturing and microscopic examination. Recently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques have been described for use as diagnostic assays. The objective of this study was to use a PCR assay for detecting T. foetus in bull's semen samples. In a PCR assay, six out of 45 (13.3%) semen samples showed a 372 bp amplicon following PCR with primers TFR 1–2 but no amplicon when primers TFR 3–4 were used. The observed amplicons were related to non-T. foetus organisms. Our study demonstrated that the PCR assay was an effective method for differentiation of T. foetus from other trichmonad species.
Key words: bull, PCR, semen, trichomoniasis
Krastev, S. Zh., A. M. Haritova, L. D. Lashev & H. D. Hubenov, 2011. Enrofloxacin disposition in aqueous humour after subcutaneous administration in dogs. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 14, No 4, 221-230.
Enrofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone drug, is often used in treatment of bacterial infections in dogs because of its potent bactericidal activity and wide distribution in tissues. The aim of the present study was to determine the penetration of enrofloxacin and its main active metabolite ciprofloxacin in aqueous humour (AH) by means of population pharmacokinetics. A single dose of enrofloxacin 5% sterile solution for injections (Baytril®, Bayer HealthCare) was administered subcutaneously to 24 dogs at a dose rate of 7.5 mg/kg. Concentrations of enrofloxacin and its main metabolite ciprofloxacin in plasma and AH were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were found in the studied fluids 24 h after parent drug administration. Maximum concentrations were lower in AH compared to plasma. The absorption rate constant of enrofloxacin was lower for AH (0.12 h-1) than for plasma (0.62 h-1). A lower value for this constant was obtained for the main metabolite ciprofloxacin: 0.07 h-1 for AH. The data from the current study with healthy animals showed that enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin penetrated AH after subcutaneous administration and reached therapeutic levels for sensitive microorganisms as Staphylococcus intermedius and Escherichia coli with MIC values less than 0.25 mg/mL but concentrations were below the MIC90 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Key words: aqueous humour, dogs, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin disposition
Paskalev, M., 2011. Relationship between blood malondialdehyde and catalase concentrations and the time of occurrence of non-fixed long bone fractures in dogs. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 14, No 4, 231-237.
The purpose of the present study was to follow out the blood concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), an end product of lipid peroxidation and the activity of one of antioxidant defense enzymes – catalase (CAT), in dogs with long bone fractures. Forty eight dogs with single fractures of the humerus, radius and ulna, femur and tibia were included. Depending on the time elapsed from the trauma to the referral in the clinic and blood sample collection, 7 time periods were formed: less than 12 h; 12–24 h; 24–72 h; 3–6 days; 1–2 weeks; 2–4 weeks; 4–8 weeks. Blood samples were obtained during the initial examination and before the surgery. Another 36 clinically healthy adult dogs aged 2 to 6 years served as controls. Statistically significantly higher MDA concentrations were observed in fractures with < 12 h elapsed from the accident. They remained elevated in dogs with bones fractured up to 2 weeks ago (p<0.001). In dogs with 2 to 4 weeks old fractures, they were lower and increased again in fractures occurring 4–8 weeks ago (p<0.05). The activity of catalase was significantly higher at time from fracture periods 12–24 h (p<0.001), 3–6 days (p<0.001) and 1–2 weeks (p<0.001). The results demonstrated high extent of blood lipid peroxidation together with increased catalase activity in dogs with accidental non-fixed fractures of long bones in dogs which occurred up to 2 weeks ago. It could be therefore affirmed that all methods and treatment options that would reduce blood MDA concentrations in the early post fracture period and at the same time, maintain an adequate level of the antioxidant defense, would be beneficial for the timely and proper bone healing.
Key words: bone fracture, catalase, dogs, malondialdehyde
Petrov, V., M. Lyutskanov & D. Kanakov, 2011. Effects of spontaneous and experimental colibacteriosis on some haematological and blood biochemical parameters in weaned rabbits. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 14, No 4, 238-246.
The changes in some haematological and blood biochemical indices in rabbits with spontaneous colibacteriosis, caused by Escherichia coli (EPEC) serotype O15:H-, as well as rabbits with colibacteriosis experimentally induced with the same strain, were followed out. Blood samples were obtained on the day of weaning (30 days of age), at 45 days of age, and from all animals with clinical signs of diarrhoea of intestinal origin. The following parameters were examined: total erythrocyte counts, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), total and differential leukocyte counts, blood creatinine, urea, aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), and alanine aminotransferase (ALAT). In rabbits with spontaneous or experimental colibacteriosis, a reduction in the total erythrocyte count has occurred along with an increase in haematocrit and haemoglobin levels. Leukocytosis with pseudoeosinophilia was also observed. In cases of diarrhoeic syndrome, an increase in the levels of all examined biochemical indicators was observed in both groups, with the changes being manifested as early as the 45th day of age in rabbits born by infected does, before the disease’s clinical expression.
Key words: colibacteriosis, EPEC, haematology, rabbits
Mohammadi, A., M. Masoudian & Y. Nemati, 2011. Evaluation of PCR techniques for detection and differentiation of canine adenoviruses in faecal samples in Shiraz, Iran. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 14, No 4, 247-251.
Canine adenovirus type 1 and 2 (CAV-1 & CAV-2) are causative agents of infectious canine hepatitis and infectious canine laryngotracheitis, respectively. Both viruses are shed in faeces and urine of the infected or recovered dogs. A total of 75 faecal samples were collected from diarrheic and nondiarrheic dogs referred to the small animal clinics of the Veterinary School, Shiraz University, Iran. Polymerase chain reaction was performed using separately three sets of primers (HA1/HA2, CAV-VP1/CAV-VP2/, and CAV-F1/CAV-R1). The results showed 28 positive samples, including 16 CAV-1 and 12 CAV-2. According to the study, the molecular diagnosis of CAV in faeces could be performed with better results using the primers CAV-VP1/ CAV-VP2 and CAV-F1/ CAV-R1.
Key words: canine adenovirus, faeces, molecular diagnosis
Coskan, A. S., M. E. Alcigir & S. Atalay Vural, 2011. Pathomorphological and immunohistochemical findings in a case of extragenital canine transmissible tumour. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 14, No 4, 252-256.
An extragenital canine transmissible venereal tumour was described pathomorphologically and immunohistochemically in the nasal sinus of a 7-year-old female German Shepherd dog. The tumour removed from the nasal sinus weighed 45 g and was multilobullary, firm in consistency, with grayish-white colour. Histopathologically, ovoid- or round-shaped neoplastic cells with prominent, clear, large, round to ovoid hyperchromatic nuclei were seen. In general the cells were with a less dense distinct cytoplasm, solid or in cords. Immunohistochemically, positive reactions in tumour cells were detected by p53 protein, vimentin and α1 chymotrypsin antibodies.
Key words: canine transmissible venereal tumour, immunohistochemistry, nasal sinus, pathomorphology