ISSN 1311-1477 (print); ISSN 1313-3543 (online)
VOLUME 17, NUMBER 4, DECEMBER 2014
CONTENTS
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S. M. NUM & N. M. USEH Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 17, No 4, pp. 241-266 |
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S. SABEV Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 17, No 4, pp. 267-275 |
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K. B. SIMEONOV, R. T. PETROVA, B. I. GYUROV, R. D. PESHEV
& B. K. MITOV
ISOLATION AND PCR IDENTIFICATION OF CHICKEN
ANAEMIA VIRUS INFECTION IN BULGARIA Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 17, No 4, pp. 276-284 |
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B. PAARVANOVA, T. STOYANCHEV, I. ZLATANOV, V. GEORGIEVA &
I. IVANOV
SPECTROFLUORIMETRIC STUDY OF THE MEMBRANE
PERMEABILITY DISTURBANCE IN LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES AT
HYPERTHERMIC TEMPERATURES |
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S. FIROUZI, N. MOSLEH, S. S. TOHIDI FAR, M. J. TAEBIPUR &
G. FARJANI KISH |
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I. VALCHEV, D. KANAKOV, TS. HRISTOV, L. LAZAROV, |
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I. VALCHEV, D. KANAKOV, TS. HRISTOV, L. LAZAROV, |
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M. ARAGHI, A. GHANIEI & T. HEIDARI
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R. BINEV, I. VALCHEV, K. STOYANCHEV, R. MIHAYLOV & Y.
NIKOLOV |
Published by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia
University,
6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
Volume 17, Number 4, December 2014, Summaries
Num, S. M. & N. M. Useh, 2014. Botulism in man and animals. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 17, No 4, 241–266.
Botulism is a rare, acute and highly fatal neuroparalytic disease that affects both man and animals. It is a worldwide problem that has been reported in several countries, with limited management options that are still being researched. Confirmation of diagnosis of the disease is a problem, especially in localities where facilities for conducting the traditional mouse bioassay are not readily available. In this review paper, the authors highlighted the epidemiology of the disease in man and animals and summarised the new research trends and reports on novel diagnostic methods that could save time and enhance patient survival. It was concluded that apart from ensuring a sustained global research on the molecular dynamics of the disease, with the aim to evolving the most effective management protocols, with the highest probability of patient survival, human and veterinary public health officials in the endemic areas should routinely educate the rural and urban communities on the public health significance of botulism and the need to keep safe through strict adherence to standard preventive and control measures.
Key words: animals, botulism, manSabev, S. P., 2014. Cardiac structures measurements by echocardiography in clinically healthy warmblood horses. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 17, No 4, 267–275.
The present study was carried out in ten clinically healthy warmblood horses. Two-dimensional (B-mode) and M-mode echocardiography was performed. Right long-axis and short-axis parasternal approaches to the heart at the 4th intercostal space level and left long-axis approach at the 5th intercostal space level were used. The following parameters were established by M-mode echocardiography: IVS-S (cm) – 3.8±0.3, IVS-D (cm) – 2.9±0.2, LVID-D (cm) – 11.2±0.9, LVID-S (cm) – 7.4±0.7, LVFW-S (сm) – 3.7±0.6, LVFW-D (сm) – 2.4±0.2, AoD-D (cm) – 7.8±0.6, AoD-S (cm) – 8.1±0.5, LAD-S (cm) – 6.24±0.3, fractional shortening – 39.3±3.4%, ejection fraction – 71.9±3.8%, interventricular septal thickness fraction – 42.5±6.3%, left ventricular free wall thickening fraction – 64.2±8.5%, LAD-S/AoD-D – 0.8, septal E-point (cm) - 0.84. In 2D mode, five standard heart images were obtained and the following dimensions (cm): RAD-D – 5.9±1.9, RVD-D – 7.2±0.4, PAVD-D – 5.8±0.2, RAVD-D – 4.6±0.2, RAD-D – 6±0.1, LAD-D – 10.4±0.6, RV-D – 1.6±0.2, LV-D – 3.1±0.6, IVS-D – 3.4±0.2, LAVD-D – 10.1±0.8, LVPMD-D – 9.2±0.8, LVD-D – 12.5±1.1, AoV-D – 7.9±0.3, LAD-D – 11.8±0.6, LAV-D – 10.3±0.5, LVPM-D – 3.5±0.4, LVPM-S – 5.8±0.6. The obtained values for cardiac structures’ dimensions and fractional shortenings are suggested for use as reference values in warmblood horses. The differences with previously published data were insignificant and could be attributed to the breed, exercise or technical details.
Key
words:
echocardiography, fractions, parameters, physiology, warmblood horses
Simeonov, K. B., R. T. Petrova, b. I. Gyurov, r. D. Peshev & b. K. Mitov, 2014. Isolation and pcr identification of chicken anaemia virus infection in bulgaria. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 17, No 4, 276-284.
A strain of chicken anaemia virus (CAV) was isolated on the lymphoblastoid cell line MSB1 from nine-week-old chickens, submitted to the laboratory for routine diagnostic investigation. The birds originated from a flock that exhibited increasing mortality within two weeks. Most of the investigated chickens showed gross pathological and histopathological lesions suggestive of both CAV and IBDV infections, such as paleness of the carcasses, subcutaneous and muscular haemorrhages throughout the body, bone marrow aplasia and thymic and bursal atrophy. After inoculation in the T-lymphoblastoid cell culture MSB1, initial signs of CPE, comprising enlargement of cells, growth slowdown and cell lysis were observed on the third passage. Investigation by PCR proved a presence of CAV DNA both in the thymuses of surveyed birds and in inoculated MSB1 cells. Together with CAV, coinfection with another infectious agent, suggestive for infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was detected. This is the first isolation of CAV in Bulgaria.
Key
words:
chicken anaemia virus, isolation, PCR
Paarvanova, B., T. Stoyanchev, I. Zlatanov, V. Georgieva & I. Ivanov, 2014. Spectrofluorimetric study of the membrane permeability disturbance in Listeria monocytogenes at hyperthermic temperatures. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 17, No 4, 285-292.
Thermal resistance of pathogenic bacteria, determined by the colony forming ability after thermal stress, is important for the microbial inactivation by heat. It is related to the ion permeability barrier disturbance at a high temperature (Tg). The mechanism of this membrane disturbance is not clear. Our goal was to study this disturbance in the plasma membrane of L. monocytogenes. After cultivation the bacteria were washed in a low-salt medium and heated to Tg. Hyperthermia induced out leakage of cytosolic electrolytes with sigmoid temperature profile, centered at Tg, as detected by conductometry (10 kHz). The Tg temperature correlated the thermal resistance of bacteria, acclimated at various temperatures of growth. To this end, we used fluorescent probes Pyrene and N-(3-Pyrenyl) maleimide (PyM). While Pyrene intercalates in the lipid region of plasma membranes PyM binds covalently the SH-groups of membrane proteins. The excimerisation of Pyrene reporting on the microfluidity of lipid bilayer did not change at Tg, while excimerisation of PyM raised indicating immobilisation and association of integral proteins. Overall, the ion permeability rise at Tg could be ascribed to changes in the tertiary and quaternary structure of integral proteins.
Key words: heat killing, ion leakage, microbial pathogen, overcritical fluidisation
Firouzi, S., N. Mosleh, S. S. Tohidi far, M. J. Taebipur & G. Farjani Kish, 2014. efficacy of anticoccidial vaccination of chickens via different routes: a comparative study. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 17, No 4, 293-301.
Use of anticoccidial vaccines as an alternative for anticoccidial drugs is increasing worldwide and thus, selecting the most effective method of administration of anticoccidial vaccine is important. For this purpose, 70 day-old broiler chickens were divided into 7 equal groups: 1) vaccinated (drinking water at 3 days old); 2) vaccinated (eye drop at day-old), 3) vaccinated (spray onto birds at day-old), 4) vaccinated (spray into feed at day-old); 5) treated by diclazuril (1 ppm 2 days before challenge and continued to the end of the experiment); 6) untreated infected controls and 7) untreated non-infected controls. Birds were challenged with E. tenella at 17 days of age (except for group 7). The evaluation criteria were body weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), blood in faeces, survival rate, lesion scores, oocyst output per 1 g faeces and histopathological lesions. All groups had better performance in comparison with group 6. Administration of vaccine by drinking water and spray into feed had a slight positive effect on body weight and FCR at the end of the experiment. Maximum and minimum faecal oocyst excretions were observed in birds vaccinated by spray onto birds and spray into feed, respectively. Lesion scores in groups vaccinated by drinking water and spray into feed were lower than those of groups 3, 5 and 6. The severity of the histopathological lesions in group vaccinated by spray onto birds was higher as compared to the other vaccinated groups. In conclusion, it seemed that anticoccidial vaccination of broiler chickens via drinking water and spray into feed were equally more effective than vaccination via spray onto birds and eye drop.
Key
words:
anticoccidial drug, anticoccidial vaccine, broiler chicken, route of
administration
Valchev, I., D. Kanakov, Ts. Hristov, L. Lazarov, R. Binev, N. Grozeva & Y. Nikolov, 2014. Investigations on the liver function of broiler chickens with experimental aflatoxicosis. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 17, No 4, 302-313.
The present experiment aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of AFB1 through follow-up of changes in blood activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma glutamyltransferase (γGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (AP) and liver morphology. Also, the possibility for effective alleviation or prevention of toxic effects of AFB1 by feed supplementation with the mycosorbent Mycotоx NG was evaluated. The experiments were conducted with 50 7-day-old Cobb broiler chickens allotted to one control and 4 experimental groups. The chickens were orally treated with 1 g/kg Mycotox NG, 0.5 mg/kg AFB1, 0.8 mg/kg AFВ1 и 0.5 mg/kg AFB1 + 1 g/kg Mycotox NG over 42 days. Blood samples for analysis were collected on days 21 and 42. Blood chemistry revealed that the groups receiving only AFB1 showed increased activities of studied enzymes and total bilirubin concentrations. Total protein, albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides and blood glucose were lower than respective control values. Histopathological changes consisted in various degree of dystrophy depending on the amount of ingested toxin. The addition of mycosorbent to the feed of group V reduced partially the deleterious impact of AFB1 as could be seen from blood biochemical changes and the lower frequency and severity of liver lesions.
Key
words:
aflatoxin В1,
blood biochemical parameters, chickens, Mycotox NG
Valchev, I., D. Kanakov, Ts. Hristov, L. Lazarov, R. Binev, N. Grozeva & Y. Nikolov, 2014. Effects of experimental aflatoxicosis on renal function in broiler chickens. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 17, No 4, 314-324.
The morphological changes in kidneys and some blood parameters of the renal function were followed out in broilers chickens with experimental aflatoxicosis. The possibility for prevention of the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) through supplementation of feed with the mycosorbent Mycotоx NG was also investigated. The experiments were conducted with five groups of ten 7-day-old Cobb broiler chickens in each. The formed groups were as followed: group I – control, fed a standard compound feed; group II – experimental, whose feed was supplemented with 1 g/kg Mycotox NG, group III – experimental, receiving 0.5 mg/kg AFB1; group IV – experimental, receiving 0.8 mg/kg AFB1 and group V – experimental, supplemented with 0.5 mg/kg AFB1 and 1 g/kg Mycotox NG. The trial’s duration was 42 days. Blood samples for analysis were collected on days 21 and 42. The results showed increased urea, creatinine and uric acid levels, as well as reduction in blood calcium, inorganic phosphate, sodium and potassium concentrations in groups III and IV. There were no morphological changes in the renal parenchyma of chickens from group I and II. In chickens from group III, the renal parenchyma showed cloudy swelling and vacuolated cytoplasm of tubular epithelial cells. Chickens from experimental group IV exhibited stronger desquamation of tubular epithelial cells, necrotic and necrobiotic changes and haemorrhages. The supplementation of poultry feed with Mycotox NG (group V) decreased the deviations in blood changes, as well as the incidence and severity of histological lesions (hyperaemia, epithelial cell disintegration and glandular dystrophy.
Key words:
aflatoxin В1, calcium, creatinine, kidneys,
Mycotox NG,
phosphorus, urea, uric acid
M. Araghi, A. Ghaniei & T. Heidari, 2014. Aspergillosis outbreaks in ostrich flocks of eastern Iran during 2010–2012. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 17, No 4, 325-330.
Aspergillosis is an important infectious disease in ostriches that can be acute or chronic. Because of high morbidity and mortality rate of aspergillosis in ostriches, it can cause serious financial losses to the ostrich production industry. In this study, we discuss some outbreaks of Aspergillus infection in ostrich farms of eastern regions of Iran during 2010-2012. Signs of respiratory involvement, anorexia, depression, progressive emaciation and decreased production were the most commonly reported in affected farms. Morbidity rate was 43% and 54.53% in breeding birds and chickens, respectively. Mortality rate was 31.89% in breeding birds and 44.69% in chickens. Necropsy findings were suggestive of fungal infections in respiratory and alimentary tracts. Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger were identified in microbiological and pathological examinations. Management reforms and using some supportive treatments were beneficial for controlling the disease.
Key words:
aspergillosis, Iran, ostrich
Binev, R., I. Valchev, K. Stoyanchev, R. Mihaylov & Y. Nikolov, 2014. Changes in blood enzyme activities after experimental acute intoxication of quails (Coturnix coturnix) with the carbamate insecticide carbofuran. Bulg. J. Vet. Med. , 17, No 4, 331-337.
Carbamate anticholinesterase pesticides are widely used for plant protection. Their common application together with the high toxicity, are responsible for the increasing number of intoxication accidents with wild animals (mammals and birds). The present experiment aimed to determine the changes occurring in blood enzyme activities of quails after experimental acute intoxication with the carbamate insecticide carbofuran (Carbosan 35 СТ). Quails were divided into 5 groups: one control and 4 experimental. They were treated by increasing single doses of the tested pesticide: 1.05 mg/kg (experimental group I), 2.1 mg/kg (experimental group II), 5.25 mg/kg (experimental group III) and 10.5 mg/kg (experimental group IV), corresponding to 1/10 LD50, 1/5 LD50, 1/2 LD50 and LD50 - oral doses for albino rats, respectively. Prior to the treatment (hours –48, –24 and 0) and 1, 3, 5, 7, 24 and 48 hours thereafter, blood was sampled from v. subcutanea ulnaris for analysis of activities of serum acetylcholinesterase (AChE), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), creatine kinase (СК) and gamma glutamyltransferase (g-GT). The tested carbamate insecticide caused reduction in AChE activities, along with increased ASAT, ALAT, AP and СК concentrations. There were no changes in g-GT concentrations.
Key words:
blood enzymes, carbamate
insecticide, carbofuran,
intoxication, quails